Symptoms of Inadequate Organization

Stage 1: the apprehension and acceptance of the end-in-view (goal adoption)

In this stage, Barnard posits that alternative ends (goals) become ends-in-view (adopted

goals) if they are desirable to the individual. For an alternative to be adopted, the

particular end or goal must appeal to one's "sentimental or non-logical factor - desire,

want, need" (p. 47).

This appeal is highly influenced by the way goals are presented to individuals.

Goals are presented to individuals in one of three ways. First, they can be presented to

individuals internally by the individuals themselves. This process is often intuitive in

nature, with the presentation driven by previously determined goals, past experience,

habit, instinct, or "inculcated by the cultural environment" (p. 48). This process is also

driven by subsidiary goals that assist the individual in reaching a major end (i.e. an

overarching goal). Second, goals can be presented externally, coming to the person

from other individuals or from other actors including the organization or society. When

external goals are assigned by fiat, they may not be logical to the decision maker, and

therefore engender goal conflict. Finally, goals can be presented through a combination

of internal and external factors.

When in any of the above three ways an individual is presented a goal that is

consistent with his or her desires, but the goal goes against the social attitudes, the

individual will usually reject that goal. Conversely, if the goal is in line with both his or

her desires and the societal view, then the goal becomes more attractive and desirable

for the individual's adoption.

Stage 2: the organization of the situation (goal context)

When a goal is adopted by the individual, "it at once serves as a basis for organizing

intelligibly the situation in which the decider finds himself" (p. 51). The situation is

structured by the elements of external environment which become influential, enabling,

or constraining factors. The individual now begins to recognize the