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Diversity of Living Things

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Diversity of living things

Levels of Classification

        -There are 8 levels of classification, called taxa. These are used to classify and organize all living things. These eight include:

- Domain
-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species

        -Domain is the most inclusive level, then kingdom gets a little bit more exclusive as it goes down the taxa.

        -using taxa, if two organisms are greatly related, they will have many taxa in common. Same goes if two organisms are vaguely related, they will have little taxa in common.

        -Binomial nomenclature is the naming system for organisms. You use the Genus and species name, from the taxa of the organism, to name the organism. The genus name comes first, with the first letter of the name capitalized. Following is the species name, all letters lowercase. The final name (Genus species) is underlined, or italicized. (eg. Homo sapiens)

Cells

Eukaryotic

(eg. Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals)

Prokaryotic

(eg. Bacteria, Archaea)

Structure

-DNA in nucleus bounded by membrane

-Genome- Several chromosomes

-mitosis and meiosis

-multi-cellular (most)

-sexual reproduction is most common

-DNA circular, not bounded by membrane

-Genome- one chromosome

-cell division binary fission

-uni-cellular(most)

-asexual production is most common

-mitochondria and other membrane-bound are not present

Size

-Large (100-1000um)

-Small (1-10um)

Metabolism

-Most are aerobic

-most are anaerobic

Bacteria

-3 main types (cocci, bacilli, and spirilla)

[pic 1]

        -REPRODUCTION IN BACTERIA

                -Binary fission(see def)[pic 2]

-Endospore formation(see def)

[pic 3]

                -conjugation(see def)

[pic 4]

The six Kingdoms: COMPARED

Archea

Cell type-                 Prokaryotic

Structure-                Unicellular

Resembles primitive clusters of molecules

Have cell walls and cell membranes, but are chemically different from Eubacteria

Metabolism-                Autotrophic or heterotrophic

Reproduction-        Asexual reproduction

                        Done by binary fission (see binary fission heading)

Habitat-                Live in harsh enviroments

Divided into phyla based on habitat

                        Acidophiles- low pH environment

                        Thermophiles- temperatures>80 degrees

                        Halophiles- salt concentration up to 15%

                        Methanogens- oxygen-free

Nutrition-                Photoautotroph (light, CO2)

                        Chemoautotroph (inorganic chemicals, CO2)

                        Photoheterotroph (light, organic chemicals)

                        Chemoheterotroph (organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals)

Eubacteria

Cell type-                Prokaryotic

Structure-                Unicellular

Cell wall structure depends on the arrangements of amino
acids in the cell walls

                                -Gram-positive
                                -Gram-negative

                        Round, rod-shaped or spiral

                        Found in pairs (di-), clusters (staphyio-), or chains (strepto-)

RNA- spirochaetes, chamydias, cyanobacteria, proteobacteria

Metabolism-                Heterotropic or Autotropic         

Reproduction-        Binary fission

Habitat-                Varied Aquatic or Terrestrial

                        Most common Bacteria

Nutrition-                Photoautotroph (light, CO2)

                        Chemoautotroph (inorganic chemicals, CO2)

                        Photoheterotroph (light, organic chemicals)

                        Chemoheterotroph (organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals)

Protista

TYPES- animal-like, plant-like, fungi-like

Cell type-                Eukaroytic,

Structure-                Mainly unicellular

Metabolism-                Autotrophic or heterotrophic

Reproduction-        Unicellular protists reproduce by

Asexually- Binary Fission        

                                Sexually- Conjunction

Multicellular protists have a more complex life cycle, which may involve alternation of generations where haploid egg/sperm produced is followed by diploid zygotes

Habitat-                Mainly found in Aquatic or moist terrestrial

Nutrition-                Heterotrophic or Autotrophic

Fungi

Cell type-                Eukaroytic

Structure-                Mainly Multicellular

                        Sessile

                        Cell walls composed of Chitin

                        Include basic structural units including

                                -Hyphae
                                -mycelium
                                -fruiting body

Metabolism-                Heterotrophic

Reproduction-        Mostly Asexual

                        Main three methods are:
                                Budding- small cell forms on parent cell
                                Fragmentation-small piece of mycelium breaks off
                                
Spore production- production of small haploid cells

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